How to Reduce the Risk of Vaginal Cancer

Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer that occurs in the vagina or the muscular tube that connects the uterus with the outer genitals of women. In most cases, it begins in the cells lining the vagina, and if left untreated for too long, it can affect other organs. According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), vaginal cancer accounts for about 2 percent of female genital cancers. Vaginal cancer is often mistaken for vulval cancer which affects the vulva or the outer part of the female genitals. However – these are two different types of cancer.  

The 4 types of vaginal cancer are as follows:  

1. Squamous cells cancer: It starts in the vaginal lining and develops gradually. The American Cancer Society (ACS) reveals that this type of cancer accounts for approximately 9 out of 10 vaginal cancer cases.   

2. Adenocarcinoma: It is the second most common type of vaginal cancer that starts in the vaginal glands and is commonly seen in women aged 50 and over.   

3. Melanoma: Similar to the common skin cancer melanoma, this type of cancer starts in the cells responsible for skin color.   

4. Sarcoma: The rarest type of vaginal cancer, sarcoma, starts in the vaginal walls.  

If detected in the early stages, vaginal cancer treatment has a high survival rate. To avoid further complications, it is imperative to recognize the signs and symptoms and seek medical attention as soon as possible.   

Signs and symptoms of vaginal cancer  

In the early stages, there are hardly any visible symptoms of vaginal cancer. Around 20% of women who get diagnosed have no symptoms at all. But some signs can indicate the possibility of vaginal cancer. Consult a doctor if you notice any of the following vaginal cancer symptoms:  

• Vaginal bleeding between periods or after menopause   

• A new lump or growth in the area   

• Ulcers and any major skin changes in or around the vagina   

• Passing blood with stool or urine  

• Abnormal vaginal discharge and odor  

• Pelvic pain during urination or sex   

• Vaginal itching 

Risk factors for vaginal cancer  

Although the exact causes of vaginal cancer are unknown in most cases, it has been linked to the following:  

Age   

Even though vaginal cancer can happen at any age, a few cases are found in women younger than 40. Almost half of the vaginal cancer cases occur in women above 70. Squamous cell cancer is rare in younger women and more prevalent in older women.    

Human papilloma virus (HPV)   

HPV refers to a group of viruses usually spread through sexual activity. In most cases, the virus goes away on its own and doesn’t interfere with health. But if it persists for a long time, it can lead to cancer. About 10% of women with HPV infections develop long-lasting HPV infection that puts them at risk for cervical cancer as well as vaginal cancer.  

Pre-cancerous cells in the cervix or vagina   

HPV infection can cause cell changes called precancers which can eventually lead to vaginal cancer. If left untreated for long, these cells can be a threat. That is why it is crucial to stay up to date with pap smears.   

Weakened immune system  

If a woman has any condition that weakens the immune system like HIV, AIDS, or Lupus, she is at an increased risk of getting vaginal cancer.   

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)  

It is a hormone that was prescribed for pregnant women between 1940 and 1971 to prevent miscarriage or premature labor. If the mother took it during her pregnancy, the daughter has an increased risk of vaginal cancer.   

Atypical cells in the vagina   

The presence of these cells, also known as vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia can increase the risk of vaginal cancer. VAIN causes cells in the vaginal area to appear different from normal cells, but not different enough to be deemed cancerous. These VAIN cells eventually develop vaginal cancer.   

3 ways to reduce the risk of vaginal cancer   

There are a few preventative measures women can take to reduce the risk of this cancer. These 3 steps are as follows:  

1. Book a Pap smear  

Although there is currently no screening program for vaginal cancer because it is rare, a pap smear can detect it. HPV and abnormal cervical or vaginal cells are directly related to vaginal cancer. Staying up to date with cervical screenings is the key to preventing vaginal cancer as it detects any abnormal growth in the vaginal areas or even HPV infection.  

Besides, most squamous cell cancers start out as pre-cancerous changes, also known as vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia or VAIN. With a routine pap smear, changes such as thickening, ulcers, or pre-cancerous cells that can later evolve into vaginal cancer are detected.  

2. Protect yourself from HPV  

HPV increases the risk of getting vaginal cancer more in younger women. Using condoms can significantly lower the chances of contracting HPV. However, condoms cannot provide complete protection against HPV. Therefore, the most effective measure is to take the HPV vaccine which must be given to young girls before they become sexually active.      

3. Quit smoking  

Those who smoke excessively have a weakened immune system. Therefore, it becomes difficult to fight HPV which can put them at risk of vaginal cancer.    

Key takeaway  

Although it is not common, vaginal cancer can be life-threatening if it is not detected at an early stage. The disease can eventually spread to other parts of the body and has a serious impact on health. Hence, take precautions and do not miss regular screenings and check-ups. To receive any assistance related to this disease, contact Advanced Cancer Treatment Centers.