Understanding Uterine Cancer: A Guide

Uterine cancer, also known as endometrial cancer, is a type of cancer that develops in the lining of the uterus, the pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis where fetal development occurs during pregnancy.   

Although this disease is one of the most prevalent gynecologic malignancies in the US, it is often managed well with early detection and appropriate therapy.  

Basic Information About Uterine Cancer 

When healthy cells in the endometrium—the lining that lines the uterus—experience genetic changes that lead to abnormally fast cell growth and multiplication, uterine cancer is born. If therapy is not received, these aberrant cells may eventually become tumors that may spread to other body areas.  

Certain risk factors can raise a woman's chance of developing uterine cancer, even though the precise origin of these genetic alterations is not always known. 

What Are the Symptoms of Uterine Cancer? 

Recognizing the signs and symptoms of uterine cancer is crucial for early detection and prompt treatment. While some women with uterine cancer may not experience any symptoms in the early stages, others may notice the following: 

• Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding 

• Pelvic Pain or Pressure 

• Painful Urination or Difficulty Emptying the Bladder 

• Painful Intercourse 

• Unintentional Weight Loss  

It's important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other benign conditions, so if you experience any unusual changes or symptoms, it's essential to consult your healthcare provider for further evaluation and diagnosis. 

What Are the Risk Factors for Uterine Cancer? 

Several factors can contribute to an increased risk of developing uterine cancer, including: 

1. Age:  

Uterine cancer primarily affects postmenopausal women, with the majority of cases diagnosed in women over the age of 50. However, younger women are susceptible as well. 

2. Hormonal Factors:  

Hormone fluctuations, especially those involving estrogen, can impact the likelihood of developing uterine cancer. An imbalance of estrogen to progesterone can result from diseases like obesity, PCOS, and hormone therapy without progestin, which raises the risk. 

3. Obesity:  

Being overweight is closely linked to a higher risk of uterine cancer, particularly around the abdomen. Estrogen is produced by fat tissue and can promote the development of endometrial cells. 

4. Reproductive History:  

Uterine cancer risk factors also include never having been pregnant, beginning menstruation early, and going through menopause later in life. 

5. Family History and Genetics:  

Individuals may be predisposed to uterine cancer by certain genetic diseases like Lynch syndrome or by a family history of ovarian, colorectal, or uterine cancer. 

6. Certain Medical Conditions:  

Women with a history of endometrial hyperplasia (a condition characterized by an overgrowth of endometrial cells), diabetes, or polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have an increased risk of developing uterine cancer. 

What Can I Do to Reduce My Risk? 

While some risk factors for uterine cancer, such as age and genetics, cannot be modified, there are prevention methods you can take to lower your overall risk: 

1. Maintain a Healthy Weight:  

Aim for a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, and engage in regular physical activity to help achieve and maintain a healthy weight. 

2. Control Estrogen Levels:  

If you are undergoing hormone therapy, discuss the risks and benefits with your healthcare provider. Combining estrogen with progestin can help balance hormone levels and reduce the risk of uterine cancer. 

3. Consider Birth Control Pills:  

Oral contraceptives containing both estrogen and progestin may lower the risk of uterine cancer, especially in women who have not undergone menopause. 

4. Regular Exercise:  

Engage in regular exercise, such as brisk walking, swimming, or cycling, for at least 30 minutes most days of the week to help maintain a healthy weight and reduce estrogen levels. 

5. Limit Alcohol Consumption:  

Drinking alcohol in moderation is reccomended. Limiting alcohol intake to no more than one drink per day for women can help reduce the risk of uterine cancer. 

6. Quit Smoking:  

If you smoke, seek support to quit smoking. Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of several cancers, including uterine cancer. 

7. Regular Screening:  

Routine pelvic exams and Pap tests help detect abnormalities in the cervix and uterus early on. Discuss with your healthcare provider how often you should undergo these screenings based on your age, medical history, and risk factors. 

How Is Uterine Cancer Treated? 

The treatment approach for uterine cancer depends on several factors, including the stage and grade of the cancer, the woman's overall health and preferences, and whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.  

Treatment options include: 

1. Surgery:  

Surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy) and sometimes even the ovaries and fallopian tubes is the main treatment for uterine cancer. To determine whether the cancer has spread, it is at times necessary to remove the lymph nodes in the belly and pelvis. 

2. Radiation Therapy:  

High-energy beams can be used in radiation therapy to shrink tumors or destroy cancer cells. It can be used to reduce the tumor size before surgery, eliminate any cancer cells that may still be present following surgery, or, in more advanced situations, be administered as a palliative measure to ease symptoms. 

3. Chemotherapy:  

Drugs are used in chemotherapy to kill and inhibit the growth of cancer cells. It can be used either on its own or in conjunction with radiation therapy, surgery, or both, especially if the cancer has progressed outside the uterus. 

4. Hormone Therapy:  

Hormone therapy may be recommended for women with advanced or recurrent uterine cancer that is hormone receptor-positive. This treatment aims to block the effects of estrogen on cancer cells or lower estrogen levels in the body. 

5. Targeted Therapy:  

Targeted therapy drugs specifically target certain molecules or pathways involved in cancer growth and spread. These drugs may be used in combination with other treatments for advanced or recurrent uterine cancer. 

6. Clinical Trials:  

Participation in clinical trials may offer access to new treatments and therapies being studied for uterine cancer. Talk to your healthcare provider about whether you may be eligible for any clinical trials. 

It's important to discuss all available treatment options with your healthcare team to determine the most appropriate course of action based on your individual circumstances and preferences.  
 
Additionally, maintaining open communication with your healthcare providers throughout the treatment process is essential for managing any side effects and ensuring the best possible outcome. Connect with ACTC Health, who are pioneers of excellent cancer treatment programs. Schedule an appointment via our website or call us at +1-352-345-4565.  

Frequently Asked Questions: