Understanding Blood Cancer: Types and Treatments

“Blood cancer” is a general term for cancers that begin in the blood-forming tissues or immune cells. These include leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma—each with its own behavior and treatment path.

Many blood cancers originate in the bone marrow, the soft, spongy tissue inside bones that produces red blood cells (which carry oxygen), white blood cells (which fight infection), and platelets (which help blood clot). When cancer develops in these areas, it can crowd out healthy cells and disrupt how your blood system works.

Types of Blood Cancer

Doctors often group blood cancer into three main categories: leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. Each type originates in different parts of the blood and immune system and affects the body in distinct ways.

Here are the three main categories:

Leukemia

Leukemia is a cancer found in the blood and bone marrow. It involves the abnormal growth of blood-forming cells that can interfere with your body’s ability to fight infection and carry oxygen.

Some types of leukemia grow quickly (acute), whereas others progress more slowly (chronic). Leukemia is also classified by the type of blood cell it affects: lymphocytic (affecting lymphocytes) or myeloid (affecting early myeloid cells that differentiate into red blood cells, certain white blood cells, and platelets).

One common childhood cancer is Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL). In adults, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) are more often seen.

Lymphoma

Lymphoma begins in the lymphatic system—a network that helps move fluid through the body and supports immunity. It involves abnormal lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell. When these become cancerous, they can collect in lymph nodes and other tissues.

There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. The key difference between Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the presence of a cell called the Reed-Sternberg cell, which helps doctors identify Hodgkin lymphoma under a microscope.

Both types can affect multiple organ systems and present with similar symptoms. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common, and the stage and treatment plan vary by subtype.

Myeloma

Myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells—white blood cells that make antibodies to help the body fight infection. These cells are produced in the bone marrow and often accumulate in multiple sites, which is why it is called multiple myeloma.

As myeloma grows, it can reduce the number of healthy antibodies your body can make. It may also interfere with the production of red and white blood cells. Over time, this cancer can contribute to kidney problems and cause bone pain or even fractures.

Common Symptoms to Watch For

Blood cancers often share symptoms with other, less serious conditions. While these signs don’t always mean cancer, it’s important to speak with your doctor if they persist or worsen.

Symptoms may include:

• Swollen lymph nodes
• Frequent infections
• Unexplained weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Weakness and fatigue
• Fever and chills
• Itchy skin
• Joint or bone pain
• Night sweats
• Abdominal discomfort
• Headaches

These symptoms could have many causes, but they’re worth discussing with your care team—especially if they’re new or lasting.

Treatment and Therapy Options for Blood Cancer

Blood cancer treatment depends on the exact diagnosis, how advanced the cancer is, and the person’s overall health. Some common treatments include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation.

Treatment approaches you may hear about:

Your doctor will explain which treatments are recommended for your specific diagnosis and why.

A blood cancer diagnosis can feel overwhelming, but with clear information, the path forward becomes more manageable. Write down your questions, bring a loved one to your visit, and know that care teams are ready to support you.